Biographie de Rudy Giuliani, candidat aux primaires Républicaines pour la présidentielle de 2008

Dans un précédent billet consacré à la campagne présidentielle américaine, j'avais dit que je reviendrais souvent sur le sujet: je vous propose la biographie de Rudy Giuliani, ancien Maire de New York et candidat à la primaire républicaine. C'est le plus sérieux candidat du côté Républicain qui a de bonne chance de devenir le 44ème président des Etats-Unis s'il arrive à l'emporter contre la probable candidate du parti démocrate, Hillary Clinton. Personnellement je souhaiterai que Giuliani soit élu. Nico

En anglais: Rudolph William Louis "Rudy" Giuliani (born May 28, 1944) is an American lawyer, businessman, and politician from the state of New York. Formerly Mayor of New York City, Giuliani is currently seeking the Republican nomination in the 2008 United States presidential election.

A Democrat and Independent in the 1970s, and a socially liberal Republican from the 1980s to present, Giuliani served in the United States Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York, eventually becoming U.S. Attorney.

Giuliani later served two terms as Mayor of New York City (1994–2001). Giuliani gained international attention during and after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center.^[1] In 2001 Time magazine named him "Person of the Year"^[2] and he received an honorary knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II in 2002.^[3]

After leaving office as mayor, Giuliani founded Giuliani Partners, a security consulting business; acquired Giuliani Capital Advisors (later sold), an investment banking firm; and joined the Bracewell & Giuliani law firm, which changed its name when he became a partner. In February 2007 Giuliani filed a statement of candidacy for the Republican nomination for the 2008 presidential campaign.

Rudolph Giuliani was born in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, the only child of working-class parents Harold Angel Giuliani, and Helen C. D'Avanzo, both children of Italian immigrants.^[5] The family was Roman Catholic and its extended members included police officers, firefighters, and criminals.^[6] Harold Giuliani had trouble holding a job and had been convicted of felony assault and robbery and served time in Sing Sing;^[7] after his release he served as a Mafia enforcer for his brother-in-law Leo D'Avanzo, who ran an organized crime operation involved in loan sharking and gambling at a restaurant in Brooklyn.^[8]

In 1951, when Rudy Giuliani was seven, his family moved from Brooklyn to Garden City South on Long Island. There he attended a local Catholic school, St. Anne's.^[6] Later, he commuted back to Brooklyn to attend Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School, graduating in 1961 with an 85 average.^[9]

Giuliani went on to Manhattan College in Riverdale, Bronx, where he majored in political science with a minor in philosophy.^[10] There he considered becoming a Catholic priest.^[10] Giuliani has stated that this was due in part to having studied theology for four years in college^[11], though nine credits (three years) of religious studies courses is the minimum graduation requirement at Manhattan College^[12], which is affiliated with the Roman Catholic church.

He was elected president of his class in his sophomore year, but was not re-elected in his junior year.^[10] He joined the Phi Rho Pi fraternity, and was active in shaping its direction.^[10] He graduated in 1965.

Giuliani eventually decided to forego the priesthood,^[10] instead attending New York University School of Law in Manhattan, where he made law review^[10] and graduated cum laude with a Juris Doctor in 1968.^[13]

Upon graduation, Giuliani clerked for Judge Lloyd MacMahon, United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York.

Giuliani did not serve in the military during the Vietnam War. He received a student deferment while at Manhattan College and another while at NYU Law. Upon graduation from NYU Law in 1968, he was classified as 1-A, available for military service. He applied for a deferment but was rejected. In 1969, MacMahon wrote a letter to Giuliani's draft board, asking that he be reclassified as 2-A, civilian occupation deferment, because Giuliani, who was a law clerk for MacMahon, was an essential employee. The deferment was granted. In 1970, Giuliani received a high draft lottery number; he was not called up for service although by then he had been reclassified 1-A.^[14][15]

In 1970, Giuliani joined the United States Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York.

In 1973, he was named Chief of the Narcotics Unit and was eventually appointed United States Attorney. In 1975, Giuliani was recruited to Washington, D.C. during the Ford administration, where he was named Associate Deputy Attorney General and chief of staff to Deputy Attorney General Harold "Ace" Tyler.^[16] His first high-profile prosecution was of U.S. Representative Bertram L. Podell (NY-13), who was convicted of corruption.

From 1977 to 1981, during the Carter Administration, Giuliani practiced law at the Patterson, Belknap, Webb and Tyler law firm, as chief of staff to his previous DC boss, Ace Tyler. Tyler later became critical of Giuliani's turn as a prosecutor, calling his tactics "overkill".^[16]

In 1981, Giuliani was named Associate Attorney General in the Reagan administration, the third-highest position in the Department of Justice. As Associate Attorney General, Giuliani supervised the U.S. Attorney Offices' federal law enforcement agencies, the Department of Corrections, the Drug Enforcement Administration, and the United States Marshals Service.

In a well-publicized 1982 case, Giuliani testified in defense of the federal government's "detention posture" regarding the internment of over 2,000 Haitian asylum-seekers who had entered the country illegally. The U.S. government disputed the assertion that most of the detainees had fled their country due to political persecution, alleging instead that they were "economic migrants." In defense of the government's position, Giuliani stated at one point that political repression under President Jean-Claude Duvalier (the infamous "Baby Doc") no longer existed.^[17] After meeting personally with Duvalier, Giuliani testified that "political repression, at least in general, does not exist" in Haiti under Duvalier's regime.^[10]

In 1983, Giuliani was appointed U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York. It was in this position that he first gained national prominence by prosecuting numerous high-profile cases, resulting in the convictions of Wall Street figures Ivan Boesky and Michael Milken for insider trading. He also spearheaded the effort to jail drug dealers, combat organized crime, break the web of corruption in government, and prosecute white-collar criminals.^{[citation needed]} He amassed a record of 4,152 convictions and 25 reversals. As a federal prosecutor, Giuliani was credited with bringing the "perp walk," parading of suspects in front of the previously alerted media, into common use as a prosecutorial tool.^[18] After Giuliani "patented the perp walk", the tool was used by increasing numbers of prosecutors nationwide.^[19]

In 1984, 11 children were allegedly abducted, assaulted and/or sexually abused while under the care of the US Military Academy's (West Point) Child Development Center ^[20] One victim's lawyer said an Army doctor confirmed her sexual abuse. Giuliani did not bring any criminal charges, finding insufficient substantive evidence to prosecute.^[21]. Years later (1991), the Federal government agreed to pay $2.7M to nine of the victims.

Critics of Giuliani claim he arranged public arrests of people, then dropped charges for lack of evidence on high-profile cases rather than going to trial. In a few cases, his public arrests of alleged white-collar criminals at their workplaces, with charges later dropped or lessened, irreparably damaged their reputations.^[22] He claimed that veteran stock trader Richard Wigton, of Kidder, Peabody & Co. was guilty of insider trading; in February 1987 he had officers handcuff Wigton and march him through the company's trading floor, with Wigton in tears. Giuliani had his agents arrest Tim Tabor, a young arbitrageur and former colleague of Wigton, so late that he had to stay overnight in jail before posting bond.^[23][24][25] However, in three months, charges were dropped against both Wigton and Tabor; Giuliani said, "We're not going to go to trial. We're just the tip of the iceberg," but no further charges were forthcoming and the investigation did not end until Giuliani's successor was in place.^[26] Giuliani's high-profile raid of the Princeton/Newport firm ended with the defendants having their cases overturned on appeal on the grounds that what they had been convicted of were not crimes.^[27]

In the Mafia Commission Trial (February 25, 1985–November 19, 1986), Giuliani indicted eleven organized crime figures, including the heads of New York's so-called "Five Families", under the RICO Act on charges including extortion, labor racketeering, and murder for hire. Time magazine called this "Case of Cases" possibly "the most significant assault on the infrastructure of organized crime since the high command of the Chicago Mafia was swept away in 1943", and quoted Giuliani's stated intention: "Our approach...is to wipe out the five families."^[28] Eight defendants were found guilty on all counts and subsequently sentenced on January 13, 1987 to hundreds of years of prison time.

Giuliani first ran for New York City Mayor in 1989, attempting to unseat three-term incumbent Ed Koch. He won the September 1989 Republican Party primary election against business magnate Ronald Lauder, in a campaign marked by claims that Giuliani was not a true Republican and by an acrimonious debate.^[30] In the Democratic primary, Koch was upset by Manhattan Borough President David Dinkins.

In the general election, Giuliani ran as the fusion candidate of both the Republican and Liberal Parties. The Conservative Party, which had often co-lined the Republican party candidate, withheld support from Giuliani and ran Lauder instead.^[31] Conservative Party leaders were unhappy with Giuliani on ideological grounds. They cited the Liberal Party's endorsement statement that Giuliani "agreed with the Liberal Party's views on affirmative action, gay rights, gun control, school prayer and tuition tax credits."^[32]

During two televised debates, Giuliani framed himself as an agent of change, saying that "I'm the reformer,"^[33] that "If we keep going merrily along, this city's going down," and that electing Dinkins would represent "more of the same, more of the rotten politics that have been dragging us down."^[30] Giuliani also accused Dinkins of not having paid his taxes for many years and of several other ethical missteps, in particular a stock transfer to his son.^[33] Dinkins said the tax matter had been fully paid off, denied other wrongdoing, and said that "what we need is a mayor, not a prosecutor," and that Giuliani refused to say "the R-word - he doesn't like to admit he's a Republican."^[33] Dinkins won the endorsements of three of the four daily New York newspapers, while Giulani won approval from the New York Post.

In the end, Giuliani lost to Dinkins by 47,080 votes out of 1,899,845 votes cast, in the closest election in city history.^[13]

Giuliani was prominent in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center. He made frequent appearances on radio and television on September 11 and afterwards—for example, to indicate that tunnels would be closed as a precautionary measure, and that there was no reason to believe that the dispersion of chemical or biological weaponry into the air was a factor in the attack. In his public statements, Giuliani mirrored the emotions of New Yorkers after the attacks: shock, sadness, anger, resolution to rebuild, and the desire for justice to be done to those responsible. "Tomorrow New York is going to be here", he said. "And we're going to rebuild, and we're going to be stronger than we were before...I want the people of New York to be an example to the rest of the country, and the rest of the world, that terrorism can't stop us."^[2]

The 9/11 attack occurred on the scheduled date of the mayoral primary to select the Democratic and Republican candidates to succeed Giuliani. The primary was immediately delayed two weeks to September 25. During this period, Giuliani sought an unprecedented three-month emergency extension of his term from January 1 to April 1 under the New York State Constitution (Article 3 Section 25),^[61] but the State Assembly and Senate did not approve it. The request was backed by the threat of a run for a third mayoral term as a Conservative Party candidate, requiring a legal challenge to the law imposing term limits on elected New York City officials.^[62][63]

Giuliani claimed to have been at the Ground Zero site "as often, if not more, than most workers.... I was there working with them. I was exposed to exactly the same things they were exposed to. So in that sense, I'm one of them." Some 9/11 workers have objected to those claims.^[64][65][66] While his appointment logs were unavailable for the six days immediately following the attacks, after that Giuliani spent a total of 29 hours over three months at the site. This contrasted with recovery workers at the site who spent this much time at the site in two to three days.^[67]

When Saudi Prince Alwaleed bin Talal suggested that the attacks were an indication that the United States "should re-examine its policies in the Middle East and adopt a more balanced stand toward the Palestinian cause", Giuliani asserted, "There is no moral equivalent for this [terrorist] act. There is no justification for it... And one of the reasons I think this happened is because people were engaged in moral equivalency in not understanding the difference between liberal democracies like the United States, like Israel, and terrorist states and those who condone terrorism. So I think not only are those statements wrong, they're part of the problem." Giuliani subsequently rejected the prince's $10 million donation to disaster relief in the aftermath of the attack.^[68]

En Français: Rudolph William Louis Giuliani III, dit « Rudy Giuliani », (né le 28 mai 1944), est une personnalité politique américaine, membre du Parti républicain, maire de New York du 1^er janvier 1994 au 31 décembre 2001.

Il est actuellement le président-directeur général de Giuliani Partners, LLC, la compagnie qu'il a fondée en 2002.Il est le favori pour l'investiture républicaine pour l'élection présidentielle de 2008 son plus sérieux concurrent étant l'acteur Fred Thompson.

Giuliani est né dans une famille catholique de Brooklyn, l'un des borough de la ville de New York, et a grandi à Garden City, Long Island.Il fit ses études à Manhattan College avant de poursuivre des études de droit à l'université de New York.Diplômé en 1968, il épouse Regina Peruggi.

Il commence sa carrière professionnelle comme clerc auprès du juge Lloyd MacMahon, dans le district sud de New York.

Politiquement, il s'enregistre chez les démocrates, puis rejoint les indépendants et enfin les républicains.

En 1970, Giuliani entre au bureau du procureur fédéral.

Âgé de 29 ans à peine, il est nommé chef du bureau en charge des narcotiques.

En 1975, Giuliani est engagé à Washington DC où il est nommé vice attorney général adjoint. C'est à ce poste qu'il connaît ses premiers succès publics quand il fait condamner pour corruption le député Bert Podell.

De 1977 à 1981, durant le mandat de Jimmy Carter, Giuliani rejoint un cabinet juridique Patterson, Belknap, Webb and Tyler.

En 1981, quand les républicains reviennent à la Maison Blanche, Giuliani est nommé "Associate Attorney General" au ministère de la justice, où il supervise un grand nombre d'administrations fédérales comme le département des drogues, les Marshals fédéraux...

En 1982, il parvient à faire annuler son mariage par l'église catholique (sa femme était sa cousine, ce qu'il dit avoir ignoré).

En 1983, Giuliani est nommé U.S. Attorney du district sud de New York. C'est à ce poste qu'il poursuit avec succès des personnalités financières de Wall Street. Ainsi, Marc Rich est poursuivi par Giuliani pour évasion fiscale et pour commerce illégal avec l'Iran. Rich fuira les États-Unis pour s'installer en Suisse et sera finalement grâcié par Bill Clinton au dernier jour de son mandat en 2001.

Giuliani ne rencontre pas que des succès et il est accusé de faire de la justice spectacle et de procéder à des arrestations en dépit du manque d'éléments à charge. Mais les réussites de sa lutte contre la corruption, les traficants de drogue, le crime organisé et les criminels en col blanc sont vite reconnues et en peu de temps, 4152 affaires sont jugées et condamnées (contre seulement 25 cas de relaxe).

Qualifié d'incorruptible, Giuliani va même jusqu'à poursuivre et faire condamner un ami et contributeur financier de son allié, Alphonse D'Amato, sénateur de New York au Congrès des États-Unis, en dépit des pressions de ce dernier pour enterrer l'affaire.

En 1984, Rudolph Giuliani épouse Donna Hanover avec qui il aura deux enfants (le couple divorcera en 2002). Il se mariera avec Judith Nathan en 2003

En 1989, Rudolph Giuliani est le candidat républicain à la mairie de New York. Il est battu de justesse de 47 000 voix par le démocrate David Dinkins sur un total de près de 2 millions de bulletins exprimés (112 voix allèrent à un candidat indépendant).

En 1993, Giuliani se présente de nouveau à la mairie de New York contre Dinkins. Son programme est axé sur la lutte contre la criminalité, le chômage (la ville a perdu plus de 330 000 emplois en 4 ans) et le contrôle budgétaire (la ville est très endettée).

Dinkins reçoit le soutien affiché du président Bill Clinton mais accuse les électeurs de racisme (Dinkins est noir, la ville est plutôt démocrate, or en 1989, Dinkins a failli être battu et en 1993, doit affronter les critiques au sein même de son parti).

Giuliani est finalement élu avec 82 000 voix d'avance sur 1 889 000 de voix exprimées (dont 53 000 voix portées sur un candidat tiers).

Comme dans le reste des États-Unis, la criminalité et la délinquance ont diminué durant les années 1990 à New York. Entre 1993 et 1998, le nombre de meurtres par an a été divisé par plus de trois ^[1] alors que le taux de délinquance ordinaire s'effondrait et que la prostitution était éradiquée de Times Square. Certains ont considéré que ces résultats ont été la conséquence (non classé par ordre d'influence) :

• de la « tolérance zéro » (sanction au premier délit même mineur)
• d'une répression plus forte, (notamment contre les trafiquants en tout genre, les réseaux de prostitution et le crime organisé)
• de la baisse du chômage
• de la réhabilitation des quartiers du nord de Manhattan, par exemple de Harlem
• de l'omniprésence de la police (passant de 27 000 en 1990 à 39 000 en 1999^[2]) et de l'intégration des minorités ethniques dans les forces de l'ordre
• d'un travail concerté des diverses institutions municipales, en particulier des écoles.

Le sentiment d'insécurité a baissé. Ainsi, il est devenu tout à fait possible de se promener sans crainte dans tous les quartiers de Manhattan. Il est seulement conseillé aux touristes de faire plus attention la nuit et d'éviter alors Central Park.

New York prospéra économiquement durant ce premier mandat et fut érigée en modèle pour les autres villes américaines après avoir longtemps été un contre-exemple.

Les détracteurs de Giuliani lui reprochèrent son autoritarisme, sa politique brutale de tolérance zéro, au risque, selon-eux, d'emprisonner des innocents, de menacer les libertés civiles dont celles des minorités ethniques (la ville fut poursuivie une douzaine de fois pour violation du premier amendement) ou encore d'aseptiser la cité.

Pour suivre sa campagne pour les primaires:  http://www.joinrudy2008.com

U.S PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 2008

Les derniers sondages pour les primaires.

Hillary Clinton poursuit et conforte son avance dans les derniers sondages. La nomination de Mme Clinton comme candidate du parti démocrate se profile à quelques semaines du début des primaires démocrates. Si les électeurs confortent les sondages, Mme Clinton risque fort de s'opposer à Rudy Giuliani, l'ancien Maire Républicain de New-York qui est en tête des intentions de vote pour la primaire Républicaine mais ou son avance est moins prononcée du fait de la présence d'autres candidats en plus grand nombre et du fait d'une plus grande interrogation des électeurs puisque le parti Républicain fait partie du pouvoir sortant à la Maison Blanche. Nico

Republican Presidential Nomination
Poll	Date	Giuliani	Thompson	McCain	Romney	Huckabee	Spread
RCP Average	10/17 to 11/01	29.7	16.0	14.7	11.1	7.4	Giuliani +13.7
Newsweek	10/31 - 11/01	30	15	14	12	7	Giuliani +15
ABC/Wash Post	10/29 - 11/01	33	16	19	11	9	Giuliani +14
Rasmussen	10/28 - 10/31	24	15	14	14	10	Giuliani +9
Quinnipiac	10/23 - 10/29	27	17	13	14	6	Giuliani +10
FOX News	10/23 - 10/24	31	17	12	7	5	Giuliani +14
Pew Research	10/17 - 10/23	31	17	18	9	8	Giuliani +13
LA Times/Bloomberg	10/19 - 10/22	32	15	13	11	7	Giuliani +17
See All Polls

Democratic Presidential Nomination
Poll	Date	Sample	Clinton	Obama	Edwards	Spread
RCP Average	10/17 to 11/01	-	44.4	22.6	12.3	Clinton +21.8
Newsweek	10/31 - 11/01	433 RV	43	24	12	Clinton +19
ABC/Wash Post	10/29 - 11/01	Adults	49	26	12	Clinton +23
Rasmussen	10/28 - 10/31	750 LV	43	20	12	Clinton +23
Quinnipiac	10/23 - 10/29	742 RV	47	21	12	Clinton +26
Zogby	10/24 - 10/27	527 LV	38	24	12	Clinton +14
FOX News	10/23 - 10/24	329 RV	42	25	13	Clinton +17
Pew Research	10/17 - 10/23	837 RV	45	24	12	Clinton +21
LA Times/Bloomberg	10/19 - 10/22	469 LV	48	17	13	Clinton +31
See All Polls

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

source du graphique: www.realclearpolitics.com

 

 

 

US Campaign 2008

2008 est une grande année électorale aux Etats-Unis puisque la plus importante des élections va se tenir en novembre dans un peu près un an et ce n'est pas moins que l'élection présidentielle. Tournant majeur car pour une fois aucun des sortants actuels (G.W.Bush président qui arrive au terme de son 2ème mandat et ne peut se représenter et Dick Cheney, vice-président n'est pas candidat à la primaire) ne peuvent ou ne souhaitent se présenter. C'est donc une élection très ouverte qui va opposer le parti républicain au parti démocrate.

Alors comme j'aime beaucoup les Etats-Unis et que je suis de très près ce qui s'y passe; j'ai ouvert un dossier sur ce blog consacré aux élections américaines à venir. J'aurai l'occasion d'y revenir très souvent. Nico

Voici les candidats à la primaire du parti républicain:Rudy Giuliani, John McCain ,Mitt Romney ,Duncan Hunter ,Sam Brownback,Mike Huckabee,Fred Thompson,Ron Paul,Tom Tancredo 

en cliquant sur les candidats vous accéderez directement sur leur site de campagne.

Les candidats à la primaire du parti démocrate: Joe Biden,Hillary Clinton,Chris Dodd,John Edwards,Mike Gravel,Denis Kucinich,Barack Obama,Bill Richardson

Le calendrier de la primaire pour les deux partis:

Première phase : Lundi 14 janvier 2008, Iowa Mardi 15 janvier 2008, Michigan Samedi 19 janvier 2008, Nevada et Caroline du Sud Mardi 22 janvier 2008, New Hampshire, Wyoming Mardi 29 janvier 2008, Floride Samedi 2 février 2008, Maine Deuxième phase : Le "Super Mardi" ou "National Primary Day" Mardi 5 février 2008 : Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Californie, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgie, Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Tennesse, Utah. Troisième phase : Samedi 9 février 2008, Louisiane Mardi 12 Février 2008, Washington DC, Maryland, Virginie Mardi 19 Février 2008, Wisconsin, Washington State Samedi 1er Mars 2008, Hawaii Mardi 4 Mars 2008, Massachussetts, Ohio, Rhode Island, Texas, Vermont Mardi 11 Mars 2008, Mississippi Mardi 1er Avril 2008, Kansas Mardi 22 Avril 2008, Pennsylvanie Mardi 6 Mai 2008, Indiana, Caroline du Nord, Virginie Occidentale Samedi 10 Mai 2008, Wyoming Mardi 13 Mais 2008, Nebraska, Mardi 20 Mai 2008, Kentucky, Oregon Mardi 27 Mai 2008, Idaho Mardi 3 Juin 2008, Montana, Dakota du Sud, Nouveau Mexique